In early 1922, Howard Roark is expelled from the architecture department of the Stanton Institute of Technology because he has not adhered to the school's preference for historical convention in building design. In 2014, Belgian theater director Ivo van Hove created a stage adaptation, which has received mostly positive reviews. Critics panned the film, which did not recoup its budget several directors and writers have considered developing a new film adaptation. produced a film version in 1949 Rand wrote the screenplay, and Gary Cooper played Roark. An illustrated version was syndicated in newspapers in 1945. The novel has been adapted into other media several times. The novel attracted a new following for Rand and has enjoyed a lasting influence, especially among architects, entrepreneurs, American conservatives and libertarians. More than 9 million copies of The Fountainhead have been sold worldwide and it has been translated into more than 20 languages. Initial sales were slow, but the book gained a following by word of mouth and became a bestseller. Some praised the novel as a powerful paean to individualism, while others thought it overlong and lacking sympathetic characters. Contemporary reviewers' opinions were polarized. Twelve publishers rejected the manuscript before an editor at the Bobbs-Merrill Company risked his job to get it published. She believes that non-conformity has no chance of winning, so she alternates between helping Roark and working to undermine him. The novel's most controversial character is Roark's lover, Dominique Francon. Tabloid newspaper publisher Gail Wynand seeks to shape popular opinion he befriends Roark, then betrays him when public opinion turns in a direction he cannot control. Ellsworth Toohey, a socialist architecture critic who uses his influence to promote his political and social agenda, tries to destroy Roark's career.
These include Roark's former classmate, Peter Keating, who succeeds by following popular styles but turns to Roark for help with design problems. Roark is opposed by what he calls "second-handers", who value conformity over independence and integrity. Roark embodies what Rand believed to be the ideal man, and his struggle reflects Rand's belief that individualism is superior to collectivism. The novel's protagonist, Howard Roark, is an intransigent young architect who battles against conventional standards and refuses to compromise with an architectural establishment unwilling to accept innovation.
The Fountainhead is a 1943 novel by Russian-American author Ayn Rand, her first major literary success.
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